V3000
Jugular Vein or Carotid Artery Catheterization
Jugular Vein or Carotid Artery Catheterization (please specify in your order).
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V3001
Cannulation of Cerebral Ventricle
Implantation of a cerebral ventricle cannula allows investigators to evaluate physiological responses following central administration of various compounds. Anesthetized mice are placed in a digital stereotaxic apparatus (0.001 mm accuracy, Cartesian Instruments) specifically designed for mice. The dorsal scalp will be shaved, wiped with a betadine solution, and then a small midline incision over the dorsal surface is made to allow access to the cranium. After the affixed centering scope is used to "zero" lambda and bregma landmarks, a single guide cannula (2.5 mm length, 26-gauge, Plastics One) is positioned 1.0 mm above the lateral ventricle (coordinates: 0.6 mm posterior to bregma, 1.5 mm lateral to midline, 1.4 mm below the surface of the skull) and fixed to the skull using two stainless steel screws and dental cement. The incision in the scalp is then closed with surgical thread. Animals are removed to a post-surgical warming bed, and then individually housed for several hours until fully awake. Animals will be allowed to recover from surgery for a minimum of 7 days prior to testing, during which time a 30-gauge dummy cannula is left inside the guide cannula to prevent blockage.
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V3002
Jugular vein and carotid artery catheterization
Arterial catheterization allows investigators to sample arterial blood as required for adequate glucose clamping (Niswender et al. J. Biol. Chem, 1997, Halseth et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1999) or other infusion/sampling purposes (Rottman et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1999) Catheterization of the right jugular vein allows the infusion of hormones, substrates, and tracers into the systemic circulation. Catheterization of the left carotid artery allows for arterial blood sampling without handling the mouse. The total duration of the operation is about 40 min. Experiments are typically scheduled 5-7 days after surgery.
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V3003
Glucose Tolerance Test (Oral, i.p., Intravenous, or gastric catheter)
Oral glucose tolerance tests are performed on conscious mice and can be performed with catheters chronically implanted directly in the stomach and the carotid artery. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests are performed on conscious mice with catheters chronically implanted in the jugular vein and carotid artery. Glucose will be given at 1g/kg or 2g/kg. These doses lead to peak blood glucose levels of 250 mg/dl to 400 mg/dl in wild type C57/bl/6 mice.
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V3004
Glucose turnover
A primed continuous infusion of [3-3H]glucose or 2D2-glucose is used to assess the rates of glucose appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd). Tracer is infused to allow a steady state to be reached then blood samples are taken to assess arterial glucose specific activity. Application of this technique is described by Niswender et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, and She et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000.
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V3005
Hyperinsulinemic clamp
The hyperinsulinemic clamp is used to measure insulin action in vivo. Hyperinsulinemic clamps are performed on conscious mice with catheters chronically implanted in the jugular vein and carotid artery. A continuous infusion of insulin is given. Glucose levels are monitored in arterial samples every 10 min using a glucose analyzer that allows the analysis of glucose with only 1 µl of blood. Glucose is infused in the jugular vein catheter at rates necessary to achieve the desired glucose level, based on feedback from arterial glucose measurements. These methods allow assessment of the responsiveness of the body to insulin. Blood from a donor animal is infused to maintain blood volume. By combining this technique with the tracer method one can also examine the impact of insulin on suppression of endogenous glucose production. (1, 2) 1. Ayala JE, Bracy DP, Malabanan C, James FD, Ansari T, Fueger PT, et al. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice. J Vis Exp. 2011:e3188. 2. Halseth AE, Bracy DP, Wasserman DH. Overexpression of hexokinase II increases insulin and exercise-stimulated muscle glucose uptake in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1999 1/1999;276(1 Pt 1):E70-E7.
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V3006
Hyperglycemic clamp
The responsiveness of the pancreas to glucose is assessed using the hyperglycemic clamp. Hyperglycemic clamps are performed on conscious mice with catheters chronically implanted in the jugular vein and carotid artery. Our clamps include 11 arterial insulin measurements and 4 arterial c-peptide measures. A defined hyperglycemic stimulus is created using a primed variable glucose infusion to raise the glucose level to twice basal for 120 min. An established priming algorithm is used to elevate glucose quickly.
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V3008
Glycogen synthesis
Using radioactive or stable isotope labelled glucose, the incorporation of the carbon of glucose into glycogen can be measured.
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V3009
Amino acid kinetics
The turnover of phenyalanine (3H ring 2,3,4,5,6 phenylalanine) , glutamine (U-14C-glutamine) and leucine (1-14C-leucine) is assessed by a primed continuous infusion of their respective isotopes for 2 hours (0.2-0.4 µCi/min). Blood samples (20 µl) are taken after a steady state is reached to assess plasma amino acid specific activity. Blood samples are mixed with an equal volume of 6% sulfosalicylic acid. Incorporation of tracer in tissue protein is used to assess tissue specific protein synthesis.
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V3010
Tissue specific glucose uptake
Tissue specific glucose uptake is assessed by measuring the tissue specific uptake of [2- 3H]-deoxyglucose([2-3H]DG). [2-3H]DG is infused for 40 minutes or injected as bolus. Arterial plasma samples are taken to determine the time course of [2-3H]DG during the 40 min period. [2-3H]DG is transported into cells and phosphorylated to yield [2-3H]DG-6-phosphate which is trapped in muscle. After 25-40 min mice are anesthetized with an intravenous infusion of pentobarbital and tissues of interest are rapidly removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. This method has been applied during insulin- and exercise-stimulated conditions (Halseth et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1999).
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V3012
Indirect calorimetry / energy expenditure in the Promethion
Whole body VO2 and VCO2 is measured continuously in conscious mice using a Promethion system (Sable Systems Int). The system is sensitive enough to measure small changes in VO2, VCO2 and RQ. They can be used to measure resting or exercising (running wheels or treadmill) gas exchange and energy expenditure. The Promethion is very advanced, allowing for measurement and control of food or water intake. In the Promethion the animals are housed in regular home cages with normal bedding. Activity is measured using beam breaks and converted to pedestrian locomotion. Food and water intake are very accurately quantified. The system integrates all of these data to monitor behaviors and patterns. Body weight and composition is included and measured before and after the metabolic cages. All mice remain in the Promethion cages for 5 days with continuous data collection, allowing for acclimation while also providing extensive data. Full data is reported to the investigator in excel format.
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V3013
Exercise capacity/Exercise Stress Test (metabolic response to exercise)
Exercise is an integrated measure of fitness. Abnormal exercise capacity and decreased activity are a hallmark of most severe cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and changes in exercise capacity are sensitive and early markers of cardiac and metabolic dysfunction. Thus abnormalities can be revealed with exercise that may not otherwise be manifested. Gas exchange techniques can be used during treadmill exercise in the mouse to describe the metabolic cost of exercise. Substrate fluxes and metabolism can be assessed isotopically during exercise in chronically catheterized mice (Halseth et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1999). Treadmill exercise can be used to quantify the capacity of a mouse for either endurance or high intensity exercise. Peak exercise capacity and VO2 max will be measured using a closed gas exchange treadmill. Acclimated mice will exercise will at 10 m/min, 0° grade, increased to 14 m/min, 3 minutes later and then increased by 4 m/min a every 3 min thereafter up to 46 m/min or until mouse is exhausted. Exhaustion is defined as the mouse sitting on the shock pad and unable to get off. Time to exhaustion and speed at exhaustion is recorded.
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V3014
Spontaneous exercise activity
Spontaneous exercise activity is measured using a recording wheel placed in the cage during a 48 h period. The light dark cycle will be stringently controlled to minimize diurnal variations and training effects will be minimized by placing an identical wheel in the cage for the 24 hrs preceding the test measurement. Variables recorded include total distance traveled, peak speed and exercise duration.
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V3015
Food Consumption
Food consumption is assessed using an automated feeding apparatus that continually measure feeding behavior in an unobtrusive manner by allowing animals free access to food cups that are mounted on balances. The apparatus currently is capable of measuring and time-stamping individual weights from 16 balances simultaneously every 30 seconds and downloading the data directly to a computer for subsequent analysis. Therefore, cumulative food consumed and the time at which feeding bouts occur are continuously monitored. All feeding studies are done after the animal has acclimatized to the facility for at least 24 hours.
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V3016
Exploratory locomotor activity
Exploratory locomotor activity
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V3017
Assess real time imaging of cellular metabolic events
Assess real time imaging of cellular metabolic events will be done.
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V3018
In vivo optical imaging of gene expression
In vivo optical imaging of gene expression will be done.
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V3032
Chronic arterial blood pressure measurement (telemetry)
Because of difficulties in making physiological measurements in anesthetized mice, a commercially-available system for recording mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure are used. The primary probe is the PA-C10 which is completely implantable, reducing animal stress, and ensuring the most reliable data. Probes to measure ECG and blood glucose are also available.upon request. This service includes probe implantation, probe removal, data acquisition, and a partial probe refurbishment fee.
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V3033
Acute arterial blood pressure (via arterial catheter)
Blood pressure (BP) represents an integrated measure of overall cardiovascular function, and is affected by stroke volume, heart rate, inotropic state, and vascular tone. Abnormalities of BP regulation (primarily hypertension, but also hypotension) are associated with major cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are epidemiologically associated with diabetes and obesity.
Three complementary technologies are available for the measurement of BP: 1) non-invasive tail-cuff plethysmography, 2) direct arterial measurement by intracarotid catheterization, and 3) telemetry via implanted catheter.
(1) Tail-cuff Plethysmography. Plethysmography (tail-cuff) is performed using a tail-cuff BP apparatus (BP-2000, Visitech Systems, Inc.). This technology is non-invasive and there is good concordance with the direct BP measurements described below.
(2) Carotid Catheterization. Direct arterial measurements are obtained via a chronically placed catheter in the carotid artery. The catheter is connected to a TXD-310 transducer and BP measured using a Digi-Med BPA 400 (Micromed). Experiments using this approach are typically coordinated with metabolic measurements.
A dual catheter approach (arterial and venous) allows for BP measurements in response to specific pharmacological infusions in the awake or anesthetized state; and enables evaluation of both peripheral and central mechanisms of BP regulation.
(3) Telemetry. Telemetered direct BP measurement is performed using an implanted micro-miniature device (PA-C10, DSI) implanted subcutaneously with the catheter typically placed in the right carotid artery. The mouse is housed individually in a cage placed over the receiver platform and BP data digitally recorded via the DATAquest A.R.T. system (DSI). Advantages of this approach include the ability to continuously record BP over a period of weeks, to assess the diurnal range in BP, and stress artifact induced by animal handling is avoided.
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V3035
Osmotic Pump Implant
Osmotic pump is implanted in mouse.
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V3050
Insulin
30-100 ul plasma for duplicate analysis is typical, but the required sample volume depends on the hormone concentration and dilution factor. The assay range is 0.01-0.5 ng/ml (sensitive assay) and 0.1-10 ng/ml (regular assay) with 300 ul (so with 30 ul the detection range is 0.1-5 ng/ml for the sensitive assay and 1-100 for the regular assay). 5-day double antibody assay. Interspecies and human-specific assays are available.
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V3052
Corticosterone
15 µl plasma for duplicate analysis. 1-day double antibody assay. Detection range: 25-1000 ng/ml.
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V3054
Leptin (Luminex assay)
Available as a Luminex assay. The first analyte within a panel is $39.93 and each additional analyte within the same panel is $6.60, per sample in duplicate (e.g., to measure three analytes from panel 1= $39.93+$6.60+$6.60 and two analytes from panel 2 = $39.93+$6.60)
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V3055
C-peptide (Luminex assay)
Available as a Luminex assay. Needs EDTA/Trasylol added at the time of collection. The first analyte within a panel is $39.93 and each additional analyte within the same panel is $6.60, per sample in duplicate (e.g., to measure three analytes from panel 1= $39.93+$6.60+$6.60 and two analytes from panel 2 = $39.93+$6.60)
Inquire for Pricing. Analytical services are provided as part of in vivo projects.
V3056
Growth Hormone (GH)
Available as Luminex assay.
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V3065
Adiponectin
Adiponectin may be analyzed in a double-antibody RIA format. It requires an overnight incubation at room temperature. Sample volume < 2 µL serum or plasma, or < 100 µL tissue culture media. A 1:400 x dilution is required. The lower limit of detection is 1.56 pg/mL. Can also be run as single-plexed assays using luminex instrumentation. A dilution step is required for the adiponectin requiring a minimum of 5 ul of sample. The resistin does not require a dilution and may be multiplexed with other adipokines with a required sample volume of 25 ul for duplicate analysis.
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V3070
Plasma lipids
Enzymatic Free Fatty Acid Test Price - $15.60
Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride are measured by standard enzymatic assays. HDL cholesterol is measured with the enzymatic method after precipitation of VLDL and LDL using dextran sulfate and Mg++. Using these data LDL cholesterol can be calculated using the Friedewald equation, if triglyceride levels are below 400 mg/dl. Investigators may request a total plasma lipid profile or specific plasma lipid measurements.
Free fatty acids are extracted from plasma using heptane/isopropanol. The heptane layer containing FFA is removed, plated on silica gel plates and developed in petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and acetic acid. The FFA band is scraped from the plate and FFA are eluted with heptane /isopropanol. The solvent is removed, and the FFAs are methylated. Methylated fatty acids are analyzed by gas chromatography. Depending on the assay a variety of chromatograph conditions and columns are utilized. A computer identifies each fatty acid peak and can provide data in a number of different ways including quantitation of mass of fatty acid, percent distribution of fatty acids present, quantitation of total lipid in the sample.
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V3071
Lipid extraction, separation, quantification
Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride are measured by standard enzymatic assays. HDL cholesterol is measured with the enzymatic method after precipitation of VLDL and LDL using dextran sulfate and Mg++. From these data LDL cholesterol is calculated using the Friedewald equation, as long as triglyceride levels are below 400 mg/dl. Investigators may request a total plasma lipid profile or specific plasma lipid measurements. Plasma FFAs are analyzed with a commercially available enzymatic kit from Wako Life Sciences. Free fatty acids are extracted from plasma using heptane/isopropanol and separated from other lipid classes by thin layer chromatography. The FFAs are methylated and analyzed by gas chromatography. Data: (1) total FFAs present (mg/ml plasma); (2) percent distribution of individual fatty acids in the FFA fraction. Tissue/Cell Lipid Analyses (Phospholipid, Diglycerides, Free Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol Esters)
Lipids are extracted by the Folch-Lees method. Internal standards are added, and the lipid classes are separated by thin layer chromatography. The appropriate band(s) are scraped from the TLC plate, and the fatty acids from the lipid ester classes are methylated and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: (1) total amount of lipid class present; (2) fatty acid profiles of the lipid classes presented as percent of total fatty acids. Total unesterified cholesterol is analyzed in the lipid extract by gas chromatography after addition of appropriate internal standard. An aliquot of the lipid extract is dried and saponified at 80 C in 1 N KOH in 90% methanol for 1 hour. The non-saponifiable sterol is extracted into hexane, concentrated under nitrogen, solubilized in carbon disulfide and analyzed by gas chromatography.
Lipoprotein fractions are separated from 100 microliters of plasma (or serum) by gel filtration column chromatography. Approximately 40 fractions (0.5 ml) are collected and the amount of triglyceride and cholesterol in each fraction is determined using microtiter plate, enzyme-based assays. Profiles of triglyceride and cholesterol are constructed. Calibration of the column with purified lipoprotein fractions permits quantitation of each lipid in various lipoprotein classes.
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V3072
Fatty acid profiles of lipid esters by gas liquid chromatography
Total lipids are extracted and lipid classes separated by TLC as described above. Lipid ester spots are scraped from the plates and methylated. Fatty acids of lipid esters can be methylated without removal of the lipid from the silica gel. However, in some applications, we have found it advantageous to elute the lipid from the silica gel prior to methylation. The fatty acid profile of the lipid class is also determined. By this method total lipid mass and fatty acid profile for each lipid is determined.
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V3073
Quantitation of individual phospholipid classes
Individual phospholipid classes are isolated by one dimensional TLC. A total lipid extract is applied to high performance TLC plates. To quantitate the individual classes, the spots are scraped from the plate, eluted and phosphorus is determined. To determine the fatty acid composition of the individual phospholipid classes, the spots are scraped from the plates and fatty acids methylated.
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V3074
Short chain fatty acid analysis by gas liquid chromatography
Plasma short chain fatty acids are analyzed by the following procedure: to 200 ul of EDTA plasma in a 1.5 ml Eppendorf microfuge tube is added 20 µl of internal standard and 1 ml of absolute ethanol. The sample is mixed thoroughly, centrifuged, and the supernatant is recovered. The sample is evaporated using a Speed Vac and dissolved in 15 µl water, and prior to injection 5 µl of orthophosphoric acid (25%) is added. The short chain fatty acids are separated on a 6' x 2 mm glass column packed with SP-1200/1%H3PO4 on 80/100 Chromosorb W AW.
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V3075
Fast Protein Liquid Chromatographic (FPLC) Lipoproteins Separations
Lipoprotein fractions are isolated using columns arranged in tandem to achieve complete resolution of the major lipoprotein classes from 1-2 ml of plasma. The columns are equilibrated in 50 mM phosphate-buffered saline and calibrated using lipoprotein fractions isolated by ultracentrifugation. Fractions (0.5 ml) are collected and the appropriate tubes containing the desired lipoprotein fraction(s) combined. The position of the major lipoprotein classes are determined by cholesterol (or triglyceride) assay on the column fractions using a microtiter plate enzyme-based assay. As an alternative method lipoproteins can be isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography.
This includes analysis of the composition of the fraction (protein and lipid) as well as morphologic analysis (sizing) by negative stain electron microscopy. For compositional analysis the lipoprotein fractions protein is analyzed using the BCA method with a modification to eliminate lipid interference. The samples are then lyophilized and delipidated using ethanol and ether. Lipid components are separated by TLC and analyzed by GLC and/or colorimetric assays.
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V3080
Gross examinations and necropsy
The standard necropsy procedure for diabetic mice includes an examination of the pancreas, heart, liver, eyes, peripheral nerves, peripheral vasculature, fat, and kidneys. Complete, intermediate, or limited necropsies will be performed with or without the aid of a dissecting microscope. Gross pathologic findings will be described, documented by digital photography and organs will be weighed.
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V3090
Amino Acids - Full Profile (HPLC)
50 ul plasma or supernatant from tissue prep (not urine). Detection range: >1 umol/l.
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V3091
Amino Acid - gluconeogenic profile
50 ul plasma or supernatant from tissue prep (not urine). Detection range: >1 umol/l.
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V4007
Surgical Training
Surgical training for a variety of surgery techniques (catheterization, telemetry, bariatric surgery, implants)
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V4010
Ghrelin - Active (RIA)
30-60 ul plasma for duplicate analysis is typical, but the required sample volume depends on the hormone concentration and dilution factor. The assay range is 5-100 pg/ml with 300 ul (so with 30 ul the detection range is 50-1000 pg/ml). 5-day double antibody assay. Needs Pefabloc SC (AEBSF) added at the time of collection.
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V4011
Ghrelin - Total (RIA)
30-60 ul plasma for duplicate analysis is typical, but the required sample volume depends on the hormone concentration and dilution factor. The assay range is 100-1000 pg/ml with 300 ul (so with 30 ul the detection range is 1000-10,000 pg/ml). 5-day double antibody assay.
Inquire for Pricing. Analytical services are provided as part of in vivo projects.
V4012
Glucose (Enzymatic)
Glucose is measured by a glucose oxidation method using the Analox GM9 Glucose Analyzer. 40 ul of plasma for duplicate analysis. Detection range: 20-900 mg/dl.
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V4017
Luminex Assays
Mouse Single Plex Adiponectin Panel
Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1
Mouse/Rat IGF-1 Panel
Mouse Th17 Panel
Mouse High Sensitivity T Cell
Mouse Metabolic Hormone Panel
These are most frequently used assays. For more information, go to https://www.vumc.org/hormone/assays
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V4019
Cortisol - Plasma
Cortisol - Plasma
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V4021
Creatinine
30 ul plasma minimum
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V4024
Bariatric Surgery (Roux-en-Y, VSG, biliopancreatic diversion, sham controls)
Bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, biopancreatic diversion, and appropriate sham controls) . The modified gastric bypass in the mouse: In this procedure the stomach is bypassed and the food flows through the bypass arm directly into the jejunum.
The biliopancreatic diversion procedure in the mouse: This procedure is historically thought to be a malabsorptive procedure and has several variations in the human. In brief, the biliary and pancreatic secretions are physically separated from gastrointestinal chyme flow until a point near the terminal small bowel. In theory this leads to significant malabsorption, though when this procedure is done clinically many times a gastric restriction component is also added.
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V4026
Body Composition Analysis by NMR
Body composition analysis by NMR analysis (Bruker Minispec). This measurement does not require anesthesia of the mouse. Body composition will provide lean mass, fat mass, total body weight, adiposity (%) and % lean mass for each mouse.
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V4034
Exercise training (5x/wk)
Mice undergo a training regimen up to 5 days per week, 1 hour daily, on a treadmill. Typical speeds are ~ 40% VO2max or lower.
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V4035
Voluntary exercise (running wheels)
Running wheels can be placed in regular housing cages
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V4036
Core body temperature monitoring
A temperature-recording pill (anipill) is surgically implanted in the ip cavity. Data is recorded every 5-60min for days or weeks.
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V4037
Thermoneutral housing or cold stress
Thermoneutral housing or cold stress
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V4038
Bariatric Surgery (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB & Sham))
The RYGB procedure involves creating a small gastric pouch and connecting it directly to the jejunum, bypassing a significant portion of the stomach and the duodenum.
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V4039
Glucose Clamping the Conscious Mouse: A Laboratory Course
Five-day hands-on course focusing on mouse jugular vein and carotid artery catheterization, clamp techniques, and tracer methods. For more information, email mmpc@vanderbilt.edu
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V4040
Isotope Tracers in Metabolic Research: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis
Week-long course on the theory and practice of stable and radioactive isotopic tracers for the study of metabolism in human, animal and cell models. For more information, visit https://www.isotopetracercourse.com/
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V4041
Mouse Kidney Injury Workshop
Five-day, hands-on, supervised training workshop focused on kidney injury models, surgical techniques, tissue and body fluid collections, and renal function tests in mice. Course offered in collaboration with the VUMC O'Brien Kidney Center. For more information, visit https://medsites.vumc.org/vanderbiltobrienkidneycenter/vokc-workshops
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V4042
Study Consultation
Meet with Vanderbilt MMPC faculty to discuss your project, potential future studies, or educational opportunities
$0.00
V4043
Frequently sampled IV GTT (FSIVGTT)
Glucose is delivered as an intravenous bolus and arterial blood samples are rapidly collected (every 1-5min). Measures of insulin action can be calculated using the Bergman Minimal Model adapted to the mouse. Requires catheters.
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V4044
Islet transplant under the kidney capsule
Islet transplant under the kidney capsule
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V4045
Islet transplant in the anterior chamber of the eye
Islet transplant in the anterior chamber of the eye
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V4046
Islet isolation (from mice)
Pancreas is perfused and digested, islets are isolated and picked for subsequent analyses.
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V4047
Islet hormone secretion (perifusions)
Islet perifusions are carried out using the Peri-Lite system (4 chambers).
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V4048
Assessment of islet calcium handling
Changes in beta cell intracellular calcium concentration are critical to insulin release. This assay relies on fluorescent microscopy to visualize and measure changes in intracellular calcium concentration within islet cells.
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V4049
In vivo insulin pulsatility
In a clamped hyperglycemic state, plasma insulin is measured every minute for 15min in the conscious free-roaming mouse. Requires catheters.
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V4050
Hypoglycemic clamp
The counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia is assessed using the hypoglycemic clamp. Hypoglycemic clamps are performed on conscious mice with catheters chronically implanted in the jugular vein and carotid artery. Our clamps include glucagon, catecholamines and corticosterone measures over time. A defined hypoglycemic stimulus is created using an insulin infusion and a variable glucose infusion to lower the glucose level to ~50-70 mg/dL for 120 min. The rate of fall is controlled across animals.
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V4051
Adipose tissue transplantation
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V4052
Gonadectomy (ovariectomy, orchiectomy)
Gonadectomy (ovariectomy, orchiectomy)
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V4053
Oral catheter implantation
For stress-free delivery of substances to the tongue of the mouse.
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V4054
Tracer infusions in the conscious unrestrained mouse
A variety of radioactive or stable isotope tracers can be infused in the conscious stress-free mouse through a jugular vein catheter. Please inquire to discuss your study design.
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V4055
i-STAT arterial blood gases
Measures in a single arterial sample pCO2, pO2, Na, K, ionized Ca, Glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, pH, TCO2, HCO3, sO2.
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V4056
Plasma lactate
Colorimetric or fluorometric assay
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V4057
Blood ketones
Blood Ketones are measured on a fresh drop of blood using a ketone meter
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V4058
Glomerular filtration rate
Transdermal method in conscious mice. Involves attaching a miniaturized fluorescence detector to the mouse's skin and monitoring the excretion kinetics of FITC-sinistrin (inulin analog) after iv injection. This allows for non-invasive, repetitive measurements of GFR in conscious mice.
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Mouse Phenotyping